Albert MS, Dell RB, Winters RW. Quantitative Displacement of Acid-Base Equilibrium in Metabolic Acidosis. Ann Intern Med. 1967;66:312-322. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-66-2-312.

Adrogué HJ, Madias NE. Secondary responses to altered acid-base status: the rules of engagement. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;21(6):920-3.

Asch MJ, Dell RB, Williams GS, Cohen M, Winters RW. Time course for development of respiratory compensation in metabolic acidosis. J Lab Clin Med. 1969 Apr;73(4):610-5.

Dr. August Supervia

Winters' Formula for Metabolic Acidosis Compensation

bicarbonate

Calculates the expected pCO₂&nbsp;compensation in a purely metabolic acidosis.

Expected pCO₂ if pure metabolic acidosis.

Winters' Formula

The Winters’ Formula for Metabolic Acidosis Compensation Calculates the expected pCO₂ compensation in a purely metabolic acidosis.

Winters' Formula for Metabolic Acidosis Compensation Calculator

Bicarbonate

Detects urine acidosis for evaluation of non-gap metabolic acidosis.

Urine Anion Gap

Evaluates states of metabolic acidosis.

Anion Gap

Predicts risk of type 2 diabetes in previously undiagnosed patients.

METS-IR 

The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) focuses on the health, safety, and well-being of infants, children, and young adults. With about 67,000 members, including pediatricians, medical subspecialists, and surgical specialists, the AAP supports optimal care. Over 45,000 members are board-certified Fellows of the AAP (FAAP). Its mission is to promote children's health and well-being while supporting members' professional needs.

American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)

The American Association for Physician Leadership&reg; (AAPL) is the world&rsquo;s oldest and largest professional association dedicated solely to maximizing physician leadership.&nbsp;From the moment physicians begin their leadership journey through the time they are seasoned leaders, AAPL provides education and training, resources and tools, and content and experiences needed to close gaps between hands-on clinical care, organization system improvements and optimized business outcomes.

American Association for Physician Leadership (AAPL)

American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases

The American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP) represents more than 38,000 emergency physicians, emergency medicine residents and medical students. ACEP promotes the highest quality of emergency care and is the leading advocate for emergency physicians and their patients, and the public. Members may earn up to 850 continuing medical education hours every year through ACEP&rsquo;s robust catalog of peer-reviewed publications and on-demand courses presented by world-renowned emergency medicine experts.

American College Of Emergency Physicians

The American College of Gastroenterology (ACG) supports clinicians in delivering high-quality, evidence-based care to gastroenterology patients. Its mission is to advance care for those with gastrointestinal disorders through excellence, innovation, and advocacy. ACG provides members with up-to-date scientific information through annual meetings, the American Journal of Gastroenterology, training courses, and research grants, focusing on digestive health and GI disorder treatments.

American College of Gastroenterology

American College of Rheumatology

The American Gastroenterological Association (AGA), founded in 1897, provides leadership and education to over 16,000 members worldwide, all dedicated to advancing gastroenterology. The AGA&rsquo;s mission is to empower clinicians and researchers to improve digestive health through clinical guidance, practice resources, and peer-reviewed research. Key journals include Gastroenterology, Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cellular and Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and others.

American Gastroenterological Association

American Heart Association

American Urological Association

EB Medicine is the premier provider of evidence-based clinical content and CME resources for emergency medicine practitioners.

EB Medicine

MDCalc Blog

MDCalc CME

Postgraduate Institute for Medicine

The Rome Foundation is a nonprofit organization dedicated to advancing the diagnosis and treatment of Disorders of Gut-Brain Interaction (DGBI), also known as functional gastrointestinal disorders. Its mission is to improve the lives of people with DGBI. For over 30 years, the Rome Foundation has worked with scientists and clinicians worldwide to classify and assess GI function and dysfunction, creating symptom-based criteria used in clinical trials and daily practice to guide diagnosis and treatment.

The ROME Foundation

Listen to the VACO co-creators break down how to use VACO\, what it does\, and what it doesn’t.