Cardiac Power Output (CPO)

In general:

• Resting CPO in a hemodynamically stable, average-sized adult is ~1W.
• Exercise or stress states can increase CPO reserve (with values as high as 6W reported in the literature).
• HF can significantly diminish CPO.
• A CPO <0.6W indicates severe ventricular dysfunction and portends poor prognosis.

For chronic HF:

• A baseline CPO may aid risk stratification for HF-related hospitalization or death. 
• Results may inform optimization of guideline-directed HF therapy, particularly when CPO reserve is low.

For cardiogenic shock:

• CPO has been shown to be a strong, independent predictor of in-hospital mortality.
• Obtain CPO at presentation and serially thereafter during treatment. 
• Persistently low or falling values should prompt escalation of inotropes or mechanical circulatory support, whereas sustained improvement supports de-escalation.

Use CPO alongside other clinical measurements, diagnostics, and findings to form a comprehensive assessment of cardiovascular performance.